Mom's depression boosts asthma risk in kids

A new study at the University of Manitoba, Canada, has found that kids whose mothers suffer prolonged depression or anxiety have a higher rate of asthma than their peers, independent of other risk factors for the increasingly common respiratory condition.

The study, led by Anita Kozyrskyj, Ph.D., Associate Professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy at the University of Manitoba, Canada, appear in the second issue for January of the American Journal or Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine.

"Evidence is emerging that exposure to maternal distress in early life plays a causal role in the development of childhood asthma. In a cohort of children born in 1995, we found that maternal distress which persists beyond the postpartum period is associated with an increased risk of asthma at school-age," Dr. Kozyrskyj said.

For the study, Dr. Kozyrskyj's team analysed the medical records of nearly 14,000 children born in Manitoba in 1995 who were continuously registered with Manitoba Health Services until 2003.

They checked to see whether the children had asthma at age seven by analysing records of doctor visits, hospitalisations and medications in the year of their seventh birthday.

They crosschecked this with the mother's medical records, including doctor visits, hospitalisations and medication for depression and anxiety.

And they ranked maternal distress by the duration of treatment: no distress, postpartum distress only, short-term distress and long-term distress.

"Unlike existing studies that have measured maternal stress during the first few years only, the longitudinal nature of our health care study enabled us to characterize maternal distress over time to identify whether it continued," Dr. Kozyrskyj said.

Even after taking into account known risk factors of male gender, maternal asthma, urban location and total health care visits, long-term maternal stress was linked to an increase of nearly a third in the prevalence childhood asthma.

The risk appeared to intensify for children in high-income households or who had more than one sibling.

While the reason these children are at higher risk is not clear, Kozyrskyj said it may be that mothers who are distressed are less likely to breast-feed and more likely to smoke.

However, research has also suggested that depressed mothers are also less likely to interact with their infants.

"Our maternal distress measure captured women who sought health care for their depression and anxiety, and thus, our findings may be limited to more severe depression and anxiety," Dr. Kozyrskyj said.

"We plan to further explore the role of postpartum distress by doing a similar study which will link health care records with public health nurse assessments of depression and anxiety from a provincial postnatal screening program. This will enable us to assess the effects of less severe depression and anxiety during the postpartum period," she added.

Khmer Rouge Tribunal Holds 1st Hearing

PHNOM PENH, Cambodia (AP) - Cambodia's U.N.-backed genocide tribunal opened its doors Tuesday for the first public court appearance of a Khmer Rouge figure since the regime's brutal reign of terror in the 1970s.

Kaing Guek Eav, also known as Duch, who headed the regime's notorious S-21 prison and torture center, entered the long-delayed tribunal for a pretrial hearing to appeal his detention ahead of trials scheduled to begin in 2008.

Duch, charged with crimes against humanity, was dressed in a white short-sleeved shirt. He took the witness stand and stood up when asked to tell the court his name, then brought his palms together in a sign of respect for the five-judge panel beside him.

A presiding judge then read aloud from Duch's case file: ``Under his authority, countless abuses were committed, including mass murder, arbitrary detention and torture.''

Hundreds of journalists, international observers and Cambodians crowded the tribunal's compound on the outskirts of Phnom Penh to witness the event, which comes almost three decades after the regime fell from power.

``This is historic,'' said 58-year-old Sin Khor, whose husband and two brothers died during the Khmer Rouge reign. One of her brothers was shot execution-style, she said. ``Thirty years have passed. But what happened then remains alive for me.''

Two satellite trucks from Cambodian television stations were parked outside the courthouse to carry the proceedings on live television.

The 1975-79 Khmer Rouge regime was blamed for the deaths of some 1.7 million people from starvation, disease, overwork and execution. Many have said they feared the surviving Khmer Rouge leaders might die before being brought to justice. The movement's notorious leader, Pol Pot, died in 1998.

Duch's hearing was held in the tribunal's pretrial chamber, with a live video feed broadcast to the main courtroom that seats 500 people.

He was charged in July with crimes against humanity for his role as the head of the regime's infamous Tuol Sleng prison, also called S-21, in Phnom Penh. Up to 16,000 men, women and children were tortured there from 1975-79 and later taken away to be executed. Only 14 people are thought to have survived.

Duch was initially arrested on May 10, 1999 and held without trial until being transferred to the tribunal's custody in July, when he was charged with crimes against humanity.

His defense team is expected to argue that his previous eight-year detention without trial was unlawful.

In a detention order in July, the tribunal's investigating judges denied a request by Duch's attorneys to release him. The judges said they have no jurisdiction to determine the legality of Duch's previous detention.

They also argued that his current detention by the tribunal will ensure his appearance at trial and protect him from any violent revenge for the crimes he is accused of.

Tribunal spokesman Peter Foster hailed Tuesday's hearing as ``a milestone,'' saying he hoped it would ease the doubts of critics who feared the tribunal would never materialize.

``It's a big day,'' he said. ``The spotlight will now be on Cambodia.''

Duch is one of five top leaders of the Khmer Rouge currently in custody at the tribunal, a former military compound on the outskirts of the capital, Phnom Penh.

His hearing comes one day after former Khmer Rouge head of state Khieu Samphan, 76, was arrested and charged with crimes against humanity and war crimes. Police arrested Khieu Samphan at a Phnom Penh hospital, where he had been undergoing treatment since last week after suffering an apparent stroke.

Last week, authorities arrested Ieng Sary, the Khmer Rouge's ex-foreign minister, and his wife Ieng Thirith, its social affairs minister.Both were charged with crimes against humanity; Ieng Sary was also charged with war crimes.

Former Khmer Rouge ideologist Nuon Chea was detained in September on charges of war crimes and crimes against humanity.